Indian artist portray photos supply a charming glimpse into the wealthy tapestry of Indian artwork. From the intricate particulars of Mughal miniatures to the colourful hues of folks artwork, these work inform tales of historical past, tradition, and the enduring spirit of the Indian folks. Exploring these visible narratives permits us to attach with the artists’ visions and the profound cultural significance embedded inside every stroke.
This exploration delves into the historic context of Indian portray, analyzing its evolution by means of completely different durations and types. We’ll uncover the methods and supplies used, the roles of faith and mythology, and the distinctive traits of assorted portray kinds. Furthermore, we’ll showcase the contributions of outstanding Indian artists, highlighting each conventional and up to date types. Put together to be impressed by the sweetness and artistry of Indian portray.
Overview of Indian Artwork
Indian artwork boasts a wealthy and various tapestry woven over millennia, reflecting the nation’s vibrant historical past, spirituality, and cultural ethos. From historical cave work to up to date masterpieces, Indian artwork tells tales of profound human experiences and enduring creative traditions. This journey by means of time explores the evolution of Indian portray, highlighting key durations, methods, and the profound affect of faith and society.Indian portray, in its many kinds, gives a visible report of the nation’s multifaceted historical past, a testomony to the enduring human want to specific and interpret the world round them.
It’s a journey by means of time, revealing the event of creative types, methods, and the cultural forces that formed them.
Historic Context of Indian Portray
Indian portray has a protracted and storied historical past, deeply intertwined with the nation’s wealthy cultural heritage. Early cave work supply glimpses into the lives and beliefs of historical civilizations. Subsequent durations noticed the rise of assorted types, every influenced by evolving social and spiritual landscapes. The Mughal interval, for example, launched a novel mix of Persian and Indian aesthetics.
These various influences, mixed with indigenous traditions, created a wealthy and complicated tapestry of creative expression.
Evolution of Portray Strategies and Supplies
The methods and supplies utilized in Indian portray have advanced considerably throughout completely different eras. Early methods, usually using pure pigments and mineral paints, have been tailored and refined over centuries. The introduction of latest supplies and methods, corresponding to tempera and miniature portray, introduced new dimensions to creative expression. Every interval noticed improvements in approach and materials, influencing the visible language of the artwork type.
For instance, using particular pigments like lapis lazuli, recognized for its intense blue hue, turned a trademark of sure durations.
Function of Faith, Mythology, and Social Customs
Faith, mythology, and social customs have performed a pivotal function in shaping Indian portray. Non secular narratives, mythological figures, and depictions of day by day life are incessantly present in Indian paintings. These parts mirror the deep-seated non secular and social values of Indian society. The intricate particulars of those work usually reveal a profound understanding of non secular symbolism and societal norms.
Portrayals of deities and epics have been central to the artwork, illustrating the spiritual beliefs and cultural values of the time.
Distinguished Indian Artists and their Contributions
Quite a few proficient artists have contributed to the evolution of Indian portray. Raja Ravi Varma, for instance, performed a vital function in popularizing a definite model of portray that blended Indian traditions with European methods. Equally, Amrita Sher-Gil’s daring and expressive works mirrored her distinctive perspective on Indian society and identification. Different notable figures, with their particular person types and approaches, enriched the sector, leaving a long-lasting impression on Indian creative expression.
Comparability of Key Portray Kinds in Totally different Areas of India, Indian artist portray photos
| Area | Fashion | Key Traits | Instance ||—|—|—|—|| Rajasthan | Miniature Work | Vivid colors, intricate particulars, mythological themes, usually depicting courtly life. | Work from the Mewar and Jodhpur faculties || Mughal | Mughal Work | Influenced by Persian types, usually depicting courtly life, emperors, and landscapes. Characterised by meticulous element and use of wealthy colors.
| Works by Akbar and Jahangir’s courts. || South India | Tempera Work | Characterised by vibrant colors, intricate particulars, and infrequently depicting Hindu deities and narratives. | Traditions from the Tanjore and Madurai faculties. || Bengal | Bengal Faculty of Artwork | Mixing of Western and Indian types, usually exploring themes of social and political points.
| Works by Rabindranath Tagore and his contemporaries. |
Kinds of Indian Work: Indian Artist Portray Photographs
Indian portray boasts a wealthy tapestry of types, every reflecting the varied cultural heritage and creative traditions of the nation. From intricate miniature masterpieces to vibrant murals adorning historical temples, Indian artwork kinds a charming narrative of historical past, mythology, and on a regular basis life. These creative expressions, handed down by means of generations, proceed to encourage awe and admiration worldwide.Indian portray encompasses a large spectrum of types, every with its personal distinctive traits.
These types could be broadly categorized into a number of key sorts, together with miniature work, murals, and people artwork, every distinguished by its methods, material, and cultural significance. Understanding these completely different classes gives a deeper appreciation for the breadth and depth of Indian creative expression.
Miniature Work
Miniature work, famend for his or her intricate particulars and beautiful craftsmanship, flourished within the courts of assorted Indian rulers. These work usually depicted scenes from historical past, mythology, and courtly life. They have been characterised by meticulous brushwork, delicate traces, and vibrant colors. The usage of gold leaf and pigments additional enhanced the aesthetic enchantment. These work usually featured a excessive diploma of symbolism and allegorical which means, including one other layer of depth to their artistry.
The Mughal faculty of miniature portray, for example, developed a novel model with distinctive options, together with using perspective and shading, and the incorporation of Persian influences.
Murals
Murals, large-scale work on partitions, usually present in temples, palaces, and different important buildings, performed a significant function in Indian artwork. These vibrant work usually depicted scenes from Hindu mythology, spiritual tales, and historic occasions. The selection of colors and composition was usually influenced by the particular architectural context, guaranteeing harmonious integration with the encircling setting. The methods employed for mural portray various throughout completely different areas and time durations, influencing the aesthetic traits of every model.
For instance, the murals present in Ajanta Caves showcase a novel mix of colors and compositions, reflecting the creative prowess of the interval.
People Artwork
People artwork, originating from the traditions and beliefs of assorted communities throughout India, displays the varied cultural panorama. These work, usually created by rural artisans, usually used easy methods and available supplies. They usually depicted scenes of day by day life, rituals, and spiritual practices, and served as a type of storytelling and cultural preservation. The subject material and elegance of folks work various considerably throughout completely different areas, reflecting the distinctive traits of every group.
As an illustration, the Warli work of Maharashtra are recognized for his or her distinctive geometric patterns and representations of nature and social life.
Comparability Desk
| Class | Traits | Strategies | Topic Matter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Miniature Work | Intricate particulars, delicate traces, vibrant colors, usually depict historic and mythological scenes. | Meticulous brushwork, use of gold leaf and pigments. | Historic occasions, mythology, courtly life, spiritual themes. |
| Murals | Massive-scale work on partitions, usually present in temples and palaces, vibrant colors. | Numerous methods, influenced by architectural context. | Mythological scenes, spiritual tales, historic occasions. |
| People Artwork | Easy methods, available supplies, depict scenes of day by day life, rituals, and spiritual practices. | Easy methods, use of native colors and supplies. | Each day life, rituals, spiritual practices, group narratives. |
In style Motifs and Topics
Indian work, a vibrant tapestry of artistry, are wealthy with recurring themes. From the intricate particulars of mythological scenes to the fragile portrayal of on a regular basis life, these motifs and topics communicate volumes concerning the nation’s cultural heritage and non secular beliefs. The enduring enchantment of those topics lies of their means to evoke deep feelings and supply a glimpse into the soul of India.
Recurring Motifs and Topics
Indian work incessantly characteristic a various vary of motifs and topics, reflecting the wealthy tapestry of Indian tradition. These motifs usually carry deep cultural and symbolic significance, revealing the creative and non secular inclinations of the creators. They aren’t merely visible representations however carry profound which means inside the broader cultural context.
Mythological Narratives
Mythological tales are central to Indian artwork, offering infinite inspiration for creative expression. These narratives, usually drawn from epics just like the Ramayana and Mahabharata, are depicted with meticulous element, showcasing the characters and occasions inside these tales. The artists use vivid colours and symbolic imagery to convey these tales to life. Depictions of gods and goddesses, usually in elaborate poses, are incessantly seen, accompanied by their respective attributes and symbols.
As an illustration, depictions of Lord Krishna, incessantly portrayed along with his flute, signify divine love and playfulness. Likewise, the highly effective imagery of Durga, the goddess of energy, symbolizes braveness and power.
Non secular and Non secular Themes
Non secular and non secular themes are deeply interwoven with Indian artwork. These themes embody depictions of deities, sacred animals, and symbolic objects that signify non secular ideas. The usage of symbolic colours and postures additional enhances the non secular which means conveyed. For instance, the lotus flower, a recurring motif, symbolizes purity and enlightenment. Equally, the peacock, usually related to the goddess Lakshmi, represents magnificence and charm.
On a regular basis Life and Landscapes
Indian work additionally depict scenes of on a regular basis life, providing insights into the social and cultural practices of various communities. These scenes may depict farmers working in fields, artisans crafting their wares, or folks partaking in social gatherings. Panorama work, usually serene and charming, painting the fantastic thing about the Indian setting, reflecting the deep connection between folks and nature.
Colour, Composition, and Symbolism
| Motif/Topic | Colour | Composition | Symbolism | Examples in Portray Kinds |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deities | Vibrant, usually symbolic (e.g., purple for Durga) | Formal, usually frontal or in dynamic poses | Energy, grace, safety | Rajasthani, Mughal |
| Animals | True to life or symbolic (e.g., peacock for magnificence) | Usually positioned strategically to boost which means | Power, grace, knowledge | Warli, Mughal, Tanjore |
| Flowers | Wealthy, vibrant | Usually organized in patterns or as half of a bigger composition | Purity, magnificence, enlightenment | Miniature, Mughal, Tanjore |
| Landscapes | Harmonious, reflecting pure magnificence | Depicting pure parts like mountains, rivers, and bushes | Serenity, reference to nature | Pahari, Deccani |
This desk illustrates the interaction between shade, composition, and symbolism in representing varied motifs and topics in Indian work. The selection of shade, the association of parts, and the symbolic which means hooked up to all of them contribute to the general message and aesthetic enchantment of the paintings.
Function of Mythology and Non secular Narratives
Mythological and spiritual narratives are deeply ingrained in Indian artwork. These narratives, wealthy in symbolism and imagery, supply profound insights into the non secular and cultural values of the folks. They aren’t merely tales but in addition function a medium for expressing beliefs, beliefs, and aspirations. The meticulous particulars and emotional depth of those depictions showcase the artists’ profound understanding of the tales and their means to convey them to life on canvas.
Modern Indian Artists
Indian artwork, a wealthy tapestry woven with threads of custom and innovation, continues to thrive within the twenty first century. Modern artists are pushing boundaries, reinterpreting age-old methods, and infusing their work with fashionable sensibilities. Their creations mirror the heart beat of India’s vibrant society, exploring advanced themes and utilizing progressive approaches to seize the essence of the current.Modern Indian portray stands as a testomony to the enduring spirit of creativity and the artists’ means to have interaction with the world round them.
The artists’ explorations usually contain a synthesis of conventional motifs with up to date concepts, demonstrating a exceptional capability to bridge the hole between previous and current.
Exploring Distinctive Kinds and Approaches
Modern Indian artists exhibit a exceptional variety of types. Some embrace conventional methods like miniature portray and frescoes, whereas others experiment with vibrant acrylics, daring colors, and summary kinds. The strategy to composition and the narrative or emotional content material additionally varies significantly. These variations are important to the dynamic and ever-evolving panorama of Indian artwork.
Influences and Inspirations
Modern artists draw inspiration from a variety of sources. Conventional Indian artwork kinds like Mughal miniatures, Rajput work, and Tanjore work usually function a basis, inspiring reinterpretations and recent views. Past these roots, many artists are influenced by international developments in artwork, up to date social points, and their private experiences. The confluence of those influences ends in a novel and compelling creative voice.
Themes and Topics
The themes and topics explored in up to date Indian work are as various because the artists themselves. Portraits, landscapes, and summary works incessantly discover the complexities of Indian society. Social and political points, private narratives, and the fantastic thing about the pure world are sometimes depicted. These various topics enable for a deep engagement with the human expertise and the Indian setting.
Trendy Strategies and Supplies
Modern Indian artists exhibit a eager consciousness of contemporary supplies and methods. They combine digital applied sciences and experimental supplies into their inventive processes, usually producing hanging outcomes. This incorporation of contemporary instruments expands the probabilities for creative expression, leading to distinctive visible narratives and creative statements.
Distinguished Modern Artists and Their Key Traits
| Artist | Key Traits | Notable Works/Themes |
|---|---|---|
| M.F. Husain | Identified for his daring, vibrant work, usually depicting mythological figures and historic occasions in a contemporary model. | Depictions of gods and goddesses, historic scenes, and landscapes. |
| Tyeb Mehta | Grasp of realism and figurative artwork, with a powerful concentrate on human emotion and the human type. | Portraits, landscapes, and research of the human determine. |
| Arpana Caur | Her work explores summary kinds and themes, with a concentrate on human feelings and non secular experiences. | Summary compositions, usually with robust color palettes, and exploration of non secular themes. |
| Subodh Gupta | Famend for his sculptures and installations, usually utilizing on a regular basis supplies in unconventional methods to discover societal points. | Sculptures and installations that use on a regular basis objects and supplies. |
Portray Strategies and Supplies
Indian portray, a vibrant tapestry of custom and innovation, boasts a wealthy historical past woven with various methods and supplies. From the fragile strokes of miniature work to the daring brushwork of murals, every model displays the distinctive creative sensibilities and cultural nuances of the area. The supplies used, usually sourced domestically and imbued with symbolic which means, additional contribute to the aesthetic magnificence and non secular significance of those artworks.The strategies and supplies utilized in Indian work are usually not merely instruments; they’re expressions of the artist’s worldview, their relationship with the subject material, and their place inside the broader cultural context.
Understanding these parts is essential to appreciating the depth and complexity of Indian artwork.
Conventional Portray Strategies
Indian portray methods have advanced over centuries, with every model using distinctive strategies to attain its desired aesthetic. These methods, usually handed down by means of generations, are integral to the creative identification of the area. These methods embody meticulous brushwork, exact line drawings, and the skillful mixing of pigments to create a large spectrum of colors.
- Watercolor Portray: This system, notably prevalent in miniature work, includes using pigments suspended in water. The artist fastidiously layers washes and strokes to attain delicate gradations of color and transparency. The refined variations in color depth are attribute of this model.
- Tempera Portray: Using egg tempera, this method includes binding pigments with egg yolk. This creates a sturdy and vibrant end. The opaque nature of tempera permits for robust, distinct Artikels and daring color utility, incessantly seen in murals and larger-scale artworks.
- Mineral Pigments: The usage of mineral pigments, derived from pure sources like ochre, lapis lazuli, and turmeric, is a trademark of many Indian portray traditions. These pigments lend a novel color palette and infrequently maintain symbolic meanings.
- Acrylic Work: Though a comparatively latest introduction, acrylic paints at the moment are employed by some up to date artists. This contemporary approach permits for quicker utility and a wider vary of colors, whereas retaining the artist’s management over type and texture.
Supplies Utilized in Indian Work
The number of supplies in Indian portray is deeply rooted in cultural and sensible concerns. From the pure pigments to the paper or canvas used, every factor contributes to the paintings’s distinctive character.
- Pigments: Pure pigments, derived from minerals, crops, and bugs, are extensively used. These pigments usually maintain cultural and non secular significance, reflecting the artist’s connection to the pure world. For instance, the colourful reds of cinnabar and the deep blues of lapis lazuli are incessantly used.
- Binders: Binders, corresponding to gum arabic, egg yolk, or oil, are essential for holding the pigments collectively. The selection of binder considerably impacts the feel, sturdiness, and luminosity of the paintings.
- Helps: Helps for Indian work fluctuate tremendously. From the fragile, usually handmade paper utilized in miniatures to the strong material or stone surfaces of murals, the selection of assist displays the paintings’s scale and meant perform. Various kinds of paper are used for varied functions.
- Instruments: The instruments used, like brushes fabricated from animal hair or pure fibres, and the methods used to use the pigments affect the aesthetic qualities of the paintings.
Processes Concerned in Creating Indian Work
The method of making an Indian portray usually includes intricate steps and meticulous consideration to element. Every approach calls for a particular strategy, from the preparation of the assist to the ultimate utility of pigments.
- Preparation of the Assist: The assist is meticulously ready, usually with layers of gesso or different floor supplies, to make sure a easy floor for the pigments.
- Utility of Pigments: The artist meticulously applies pigments utilizing varied methods, starting from refined washes to specific linework, relying on the particular model.
- Layering of Colors: The layering of colors is usually essential to attaining the specified depth and vibrancy of the paintings. This layering creates depth and permits for refined variations.
Affect of Strategies and Supplies on Aesthetics
The interaction between methods and supplies profoundly influences the aesthetic high quality of Indian work. The selection of pigments, the feel of the assist, and the particular utility methodology all contribute to the ultimate visible impact. A portray utilizing vibrant mineral pigments on a easy, ready floor could have a unique aesthetic than one utilizing translucent watercolours on delicate handmade paper.
| Portray Fashion | Approach | Supplies |
|---|---|---|
| Miniature | Watercolor, tempera | Handmade paper, pure pigments, gum arabic |
| Mughal | Tempera, watercolor | Handmade paper, mineral pigments, gold leaf |
| Tanjore | Tempera, blended media | Picket panels, gold leaf, pure pigments |
| Madhubani | Blended media, usually on handmade paper | Pure pigments, rice paste, different domestically out there supplies |
Indian Portray in Visible Media
Indian portray, a vibrant tapestry of custom and innovation, finds itself superbly introduced throughout varied visible media. From the pages of charming books to the interactive platforms of internet sites and the curated areas of galleries, Indian artwork is dropped at life in various and fascinating methods. This exploration delves into how these mediums showcase the wealthy cultural and historic significance of Indian portray, the methods employed to draw audiences, and the evolution of presentation methods.
Presentation in Books
Books function repositories of creative data and appreciation. Indian portray, usually featured in illustrated artwork books, showcases detailed depictions of motifs, methods, and historic contexts. These books usually make use of high-quality reproductions to seize the nuances of the unique paintings, permitting readers to carefully study the brushstrokes, colours, and composition. Moreover, informative captions and accompanying texts present essential context, explaining the historic significance, cultural influences, and creative intent behind every bit.
This strategy encourages a deeper understanding and appreciation of the artwork type.
Presentation on Web sites
Web sites supply a dynamic and accessible platform for showcasing Indian portray. On-line galleries and museums incessantly characteristic high-resolution photos of work, enabling a broader viewers to have interaction with the artwork. Interactive parts, like zooming options and detailed descriptions, can improve the viewer’s expertise. Web sites may also combine multimedia content material, corresponding to movies and animations, which may convey the portray’s historical past and cultural context to life.
This strategy caters to a recent viewers, making the artwork extra accessible and fascinating.
Presentation in Galleries
Galleries play a significant function in fostering appreciation for Indian portray. The fastidiously curated areas enable for immersive experiences, the place work are displayed alongside contextual data, corresponding to historic timelines and artist biographies. Lighting and presentation methods are meticulously chosen to spotlight the paintings’s distinctive qualities, bringing out the colours and textures. The general environment of the gallery, together with the format and association of items, creates a particular aesthetic expertise that connects the viewer with the artwork.
Visible Language and Presentation Methods
The visible language employed in numerous media displays the medium’s distinctive traits. Books usually prioritize detailed reproductions, whereas web sites concentrate on high-resolution photos and interactive parts. Galleries leverage lighting and spatial preparations to create an immersive expertise. The usage of shade palettes, composition methods, and the inclusion of supporting texts or captions are all fastidiously thought-about presentation methods throughout varied platforms.
Every medium makes use of these methods to have interaction the viewer and convey the meant message.
Attracting Audiences
Methods for attracting audiences fluctuate throughout platforms. Books make use of detailed reproductions and accompanying texts to offer context and depth. Web sites leverage high-resolution photos, interactive parts, and multimedia content material for a dynamic and fascinating expertise. Galleries use fastidiously curated areas, strategic lighting, and informative shows to create an immersive setting. The efficient presentation of Indian portray throughout these platforms fosters curiosity and understanding within the artwork type.
Cultural and Historic Significance
Indian portray, throughout varied media, successfully communicates its cultural and historic significance. In books, that is achieved by means of detailed historic and cultural explanations, offering insights into the portray’s origins and context. Web sites and galleries usually incorporate contextual data to boost viewers’ understanding of the paintings’s historic significance and cultural implications. The visible language used successfully showcases the evolution and continuity of creative traditions and creative expression.
Comparability of Presentation Throughout Media
| Media | Visible Language | Presentation Methods | Viewers Engagement |
|---|---|---|---|
| Books | Detailed reproductions, textual context | Excessive-quality photos, informative captions | In-depth understanding, targeted examine |
| Web sites | Excessive-resolution photos, interactive parts | Zooming, multimedia, dynamic shows | Broader attain, up to date engagement |
| Galleries | Immersive setting, strategic lighting | Curated areas, contextual shows | Emotional connection, interactive expertise |
Photographs and Illustrations
Indian artwork, in its vibrant tapestry, boasts a wealthy historical past of visible storytelling. From the intricate particulars of Mughal miniatures to the daring strokes of latest items, Indian artwork captures the spirit of its folks and tradition. These photos and illustrations supply a window into the previous, current, and the ever-evolving creative expression of India.
A Mughal Miniature Masterpiece
Mughal miniature work, recognized for his or her beautiful element and beautiful composition, usually depict scenes from courtroom life, historic occasions, or romantic tales. Think about a scene of a royal gathering, meticulously rendered. The figures, wearing opulent clothes, are portrayed with exceptional precision, showcasing the artist’s mastery of human anatomy and facial expressions. Colours, usually wealthy and deep, are used to create a way of depth and environment.
The composition, incessantly utilizing symmetry and perspective, attracts the viewer into the scene. The background, usually that includes landscapes or architectural parts, enhances the foreground figures. An instance may present a royal couple exchanging a look amidst lush gardens, the interaction of sunshine and shadow enhancing the romantic temper. The meticulous consideration to element within the clothes, jewellery, and equipment, is a trademark of this model.
People Portray: A Story Informed By way of Symbolism
People work, originating from various areas of India, are a strong type of visible storytelling. They’re characterised by a powerful sense of group and cultural identification. These work, usually depicting scenes from day by day life or mythology, use symbolism to convey narratives. Take, for example, a Warli portray. The figures, usually easy geometric shapes, signify folks, animals, and even summary concepts.
The usage of daring colours, usually earthy tones, is a attribute factor. The composition usually follows a repetitive sample, reflecting the cyclical nature of life and the interconnectedness of the group. The symbols inside the portray may signify prosperity, fertility, or the cycles of nature, all embedded inside the story. The artist makes use of this wealthy symbolism to transmit cultural values, beliefs, and the tales that form the group.
Trendy Indian Portray: A Distinctive Imaginative and prescient
Trendy Indian work usually mirror the artist’s private imaginative and prescient and exploration of assorted methods. An instance could be a vibrant, summary piece that makes use of daring colours and dynamic brushstrokes. The artist’s distinctive perspective on the world, and their use of shade and type, are central to the work. The artist could use the portray to discover social points, political themes, or private experiences.
The model and traits are as various because the artists themselves, starting from impressionistic landscapes to summary compositions. The composition, shade palette, and the interaction of traces and shapes, are fastidiously thought-about to evoke particular feelings or concepts.
Murals: A Cultural Canvas
Murals, large-scale work on partitions, play a major function in Indian artwork and tradition. These artworks are sometimes present in temples, palaces, and public areas, serving as a strong visible narrative of the area’s historical past, mythology, and tradition. The subject material can fluctuate broadly, from spiritual figures to scenes from epics. The mural is usually a collaborative effort, involving a number of artists working collectively to create a large-scale murals.
The creative and cultural context of the mural usually displays the historical past and values of the group that created it. Take into account a mural depicting a Hindu deity; the intricate particulars and symbolism wouldn’t solely mirror the deity’s attributes but in addition the cultural beliefs and traditions of the area. The colourful colours and elaborate designs create a charming visible narrative, accessible to all who encounter it.
Modern Indian Portray: A Deep Dive
A up to date Indian portray, say a chunk utilizing acrylics on canvas, might make use of daring colours and expressive brushstrokes. The composition could be asymmetrical, reflecting a contemporary, even perhaps difficult, view of the world. The artist’s intention, evident within the type, shade, and composition, could also be to evoke a way of emotion or query established norms. The artist’s particular person model is essential; the portray, by means of the artist’s distinctive perspective, could be a reflection of the world round them.
It’d categorical a way of freedom, battle, or pleasure. The portray turns into a visible dialogue between the artist and the viewer, a novel expression of a recent viewpoint.
